Overview

This bibliography assembles the diverse sources that this project engages with and from which it gathers facts, inspiration, methodology, and stories. The bibliography is divided into three sections:

• Exhibit Letters are letters written by William Ivens Craft, his family, and his associates, held by the Bodleian Library at Oxford. Lucy McCann, a Bodleian archivist, generously shared images of these letters with Wisnicki late in 2020. Together, McCaffrey and Wisnicki created digital editions of the letters. This exhibit takes its narrative and main source material from this collection of twenty-two letters.
• Primary Sources are those, generally drawn from William Ivens Craft’s lifetime, that offer insight into the world in which William Ivens Craft lived. They include manuscript sources, archival sources, newspaper clippings, and even printed books from the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. The links given below for Ancestry.com, Newspapers.com, GenealogyBank, Gale, and FindMyPast.com take exhibit visitors to the homepage for these resources, rather than the actual documents, because these websites require a paid subscription to access the documents.
• Secondary Sources are those that offer scholarly interpretation, historical context, and critical insight. Most of the secondary sources engaged for this project consist of relatively recent peer-reviewed scholarly books and articles.
• Family Histories and Miscellaneous is a category meant to encompass a novel feature of this project: that it is based largely in part on and indeed has sought to engage fully the history passed down to the Craft family descendants. The items cited here include emails, Zoom meetings, and phone calls with members of the transatlantic Craft family diaspora. Their stories, input, and expertise have been crucial to piecing this narrative together.

Exhibit Letters

Craft, Alice Isabella Ellen. 1868. “Letter to [Unknown] Phillips. 29 October 1868.” Manuscript. 124 Stockwell Park Road Brixton. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C39/91. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, Ellen. 1863. “Letter to [Unknown]. 18 March 1863.” Manuscript. 12 Cambridge Road Hammersmith. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C30/10. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, Ellen. 1868. “Letter to T. Phillips. 9 January 1868.” Manuscript. 4 Lawn Place Shepherd’s Bush. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C39/92. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, Ellen. 1882. “Letter to Elizabeth Pease Nichol. 31 March 1882.” Manuscript. Ways Sta Bryan Co Ga. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C156/136. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William. 1853. “Letter to Louis-Alexis Chamerovzow. 23 April 1853.” Manuscript. Ockham School. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C30/11. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William. 1867. “Letter to the Committee of The National Freedmen’s Aid Union. 5 December 1867.” Manuscript. 4 Lawn Place Shepherd’s Bush. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C117/148. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1881a. “Letter to Elizabeth Pease Nichol. 23 December 1881.” Manuscript. The Railways & Metropolitan Omnibus Company Limited, 18, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. London. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C156/137. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1881b. “Letter to Elizabeth Pease Nichol. 29 August 1881.” Manuscript. 12 Blue Cross St. Haymarket, S.W. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/130. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1881c. “Letter to Frederick William Chesson. 5 September 1881.” Manuscript. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/133. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1881d. “Letter to Frederick William Chesson. 6 September 1881.” Manuscript. 12 Blue Cross St. Haymarket S.W. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/134. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1881e. “Letter to Frederick William Chesson. 9 September 1881.” Manuscript. 12 B.C. St. Haymarket S.W. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/136. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1881f. “Letter to Frederick William Chesson. 16 August 1881.” Manuscript. 12 Blue Cross St. Haymarket S.W. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/128. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1881g. “Letter to Frederick William Chesson. 23 December 1881.” Manuscript. The Railways & Metropolitan Omnibus Company Limited, 18, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. London. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/137. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1881h. “Letter to [Unknown]. 25 August 1881-27 August 1881.” Manuscript. The Railways & Metropolitan Omnibus Company Limited, 18, Queen Victoria Street, E.C. London. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/129. Bodleian Library, Oxford.

Craft, William Ivens. 1881i. “Receipt for Frederick William Chesson. 5 September 1881.” Manuscript. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/132. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1881j. “Received of Frederick William Chesson. 6 September 1881.” Manuscript. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/135. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1882a. “Letter to Elizabeth Pease Nichol. 3 May 1882.” Manuscript. Railways & Metropolitan Omnibus Company Limited. 16, Devonshire Chambers Bishopsgate Street Without, London, E.C. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C156/139. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1882b. “Letter to Elizabeth Pease Nichol. 24 April 1882.” Manuscript. Railways & Metropolitan Omnibus Company Limited. 16, Devonshire Chambers Bishopsgate Street Without, London, E.C. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C156/138. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1882c. “Letter to Frederick William Chesson. 3 May 1882.” Manuscript. Railways & Metropolitan Omnibus Company Limited. 16, Devonshire Chambers Bishopsgate Street Without, London, E.C. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/138. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Fowler, Robert Nicholas. 1882. "Letter to William Ivens Craft. 11 August 1882." Manuscript. 50, Cornhill London, E.C. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/140. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Craft, William Ivens. 1882d. “Letter to Frederick William Chesson. 12 August 1882.” Manuscript. 35 Charlotte St. Fitzroy Square, W.C. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/139. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Nichol, Elizabeth Pease. 31 August. “Letter to Frederick William Chesson. 31 August.” Manuscript. Huntly Lodge Edinburgh. MSS. Brit. Emp. S. 18, C129/131. Bodleian Library, Oxford. Also see the edition published by One More Voice.

Primary Sources

“1830 US Census.” 1830. Census. Clinton, Jones County, Georgia, United States. Ancestry.com.

“1840 US Census.” 1840. Census. Ward No 1, Bibb County, Georgia, United States. Ancestry.com.

“1861 England Census.” 1861. Census. Hammersmith, St. John’s, England. Ancestry.com.

“1871 England Census.” 1871. Census. 35 Charlotte St, Tottenham Court, St. Pancras, St. John, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“1880 United States Federal Census.” 1880. Census. 167 Bay Street, Jacksonville, Duval County, Florida, United States. Ancestry.com.

“1881 England Census.” 1881. Census. 36 Greek Street, Strand, St. Anne, Westminster, London. Ancestry.com.

“1891 England Census.” 1891. Census. 57 New Broad Street, District 8, Bishopsgate, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“1901 England Census.” 1901. Census. 30/32 Nine Elms, District 24, East Battersea, Battersea, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“1911 England Census.” 1911a. Census. 8 Lithos Road, Hampstead, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“1911 England Census.” 1911b. Census. 206 Ashmore Road, Maida Hill West, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“1921 England Census.” 1921. Census. Vicarage Farm Road, Hounslow West, London, England. FindMyPast.com.

“1939 England and Wales Register.” 1939a. Register. Margate, Kent, United Kingdom. Ancestry.com.

“1939 England and Wales Register.” 1939b. Register. Margate, Kent, United Kingdom. Ancestry.com.

Allen, William G. “Letter From Prof. Wm. G. Allen.” The Liberator, 22 July 1853. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1860a. “Advertisement for Brixton Schools.” The Literary Gazette, 5 October 1860.

Anonymous. 1860b. “Brixton Lodge Collegiate School.” The Western Times, 25 February 1860. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1862. “Railway and Other Companies. London, Chatham, and Dover.” The Times, 26 August 1862. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1865. “Ellen Craft’s Mother.” The Freed-Man, 1 December 1865. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1871a. “Gleanings from Exchanges.” Sun-Journal, 28 March 1871. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1871b. “Personal.” Examiner and Chronicle, 27 April 1871. GenealogyBank.

Anonymous. 1871c. “Personal.” Harper’s Bazaar, 29 April 1871, Vol. 4, Issue 17, 259.

Anonymous. 1873. “The Scramble for Georgia Offices.” Augusta Chronicle, 26 February 1873. GenealogyBank.

Anonymous. 1874a. “Brixton Lodge College School.” Daily News, 27 October 1874. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1874b. “Election Returns.” Savannah Daily Advertiser, 9 October 1874. GenealogyBank.

Anonymous. 1874c. “Radical Trickery – A Ticket for the Legislature in the Field.” Savannah Morning News, 6 October 1874. Georgia Historic Newspapers.

Anonymous. 1876a. “A Genuine Outrage.” Savannah Morning News, 6 October 1876. Georgia Historic Newspapers.

Anonymous. 1876b. “Georgia Republicans. Proceedings of the State Convention.” Augusta Chronicle, 9 May 1876. GenealogyBank.

Anonymous. 1878a. “A Reminiscence of Slave Times.” The Junction City Tribune, 27 June 1878. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1878b. “An Award in Libel Case.” New York Times, 16 July 1878.

Anonymous. 1878c. “An Interesting Libel Case.” Savannah Morning News, 28 May 1878. Georgia Historic Newspapers.

Anonymous. 1878d. “Crafts vs. Schlesinger.” Boston Evening Transcript, 7 June 1878. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1878e. “Crafts vs. Schlesinger.” Boston Evening Transcript, 8 June 1878. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1878f. “Crafts vs. Schlesinger.” Boston Evening Transcript, 11 June 1878. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1878g. “Crafts vs. Schlesinger.” Boston Evening Transcript, 13 June 1878. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1878h. “Craft-Schlesinger. Continuance of the Hearing Upon the Alleged Libel of the German Consult.” Boston Post, 12 June 1878. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1878i. “Marlborough-Street. Pawnbrokers and the Public.” The Standard, 7 August 1878. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1878j. “The Craft Libel Suit.” Daily Advertiser, 12 June 1878. Gale.

Anonymous. 1878k. “Craft Libel Suit.” Hartford Courant, 16 July 1878. Newspapers.com.

Anonymous. 1989. “Flight from Slavery.” Hammersmith, Fulham and Shepherds Bush Gazette, 15 December 1989. Newspapers.com.

Atlanta University. 1885. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Atlanta University. Atlanta: Constitution Publishing Co., Printers.

Atlanta University. 1886. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Atlanta University. Atlanta: Constitution Job Office Print.

Atlanta University. 1888. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Atlanta University. Atlanta: Constitution Book Office Print.

Atlanta University. 1889. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Atlanta University. Atlanta: Constitution Book Office Print.

Atlanta University. 1890. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Atlanta University. Atlanta: Mutual Printing Co.

Atlanta University. 1891. Catalogue of the Officers and Students of Atlanta University. Atlanta: Constitution Book Office Print.

Boyd, William H. 1871. Boyd’s Directory of Washington, Georgetown and Alexandria. Washington, D.C.: William H. Boyd.

Boyd, William H. 1874. Boyd’s City Directory of the District of Columbia, 1874. Washington, D.C.: William H. Boyd.

Boyd, William H. 1875. Boyd’s Directory of the District of Columbia 1875. Washington, D.C.: William H. Boyd.

Clark, Ellen. 1926. “Letter to ‘Dear Uncle’. 10 December 1926.” Manuscript. 31 Kiatta Villas, Vicarage Farm Road, Hounslow West. Julia-Ellen Craft Davis Personal Collection.

Craft, C. P. 1876. “Coterie.” Savannah Tribune, 29 April 1876. GenealogyBank.

Craft, Charles. 1926. “Letter to William Ivens Craft. 28 March 1926.” Manuscript. 35 W 126th St New York City, N.Y. Martin Copeland Personal Collection.

Craft, William. 1860. Running A Thousand Miles for Freedom; or, the Escape of William and Ellen Craft From Slavery. London: William Tweedie.

Craft, William. 1875. “Georgia. The Condition and Wants of the Colored People of Georgia – The Woodville Co-Operative Farm School.” Daily Advertiser, 30 July 1875. Gale.

“England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1837-1915.” 1908. Death Index. Paddington, London, United Kingdom. Ancestry.com.

“England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007.” 1967. Death Index. Thanet, Kent, United Kingdom. Ancestry.com.

“England & Wales, Civil Registration Marriage Index, 1837-1915.” 1888. Marriage Index. England. Ancestry.com.

“England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills and Administrations), 1858-1995.” 1884. Index of Wills and Administration. England. Ancestry.com.

“Essex, England, Church of England Marriages, 1754-1937.” 1912. Marriages. Great Ilford, St Clement, Essex, England. Ancestry.com.

Estlin, Mary Anne. 1851. “Letter to Miss Weston. 8 May 1851.” Manuscript. Park Street, Bristol, England. Digital Commonwealth.

“Freedman’s Bank Records, Registers of Signatures of Depositors, 1865-1874.” 1874a. Freedman’s Bank Records. Washington, D.C. Freedman’s Bank Records, 1865-1874, Ancestry.com.

“Freedman’s Bank Records, Registers of Signatures of Depositors, 1865-1874.” 1874b. Freedman’s Bank Records. Washington, D.C. Freedman’s Bank Records, 1865-1874, Ancestry.com.

Gayle, Damien. 2021. “Home of Couple Who Escaped Slavery in US Gets Blue Plaque.” The Guardian, 4 October 2021.

Habersham, Alex. 2015. “Call to Action Craft Show.” YouTube Show. YouTube.

Hughes, Ruth, and Jerome Farrell. 1997. “Slaves Who Made Land of the Free.” Hammersmith, Fulham and Shepherds Bush Gazette, 23 May 1997. Newspapers.com.

Lamb, Daniel Smith, A.M., M.D. 1900. Howard University Medical Department Washington, D.C.: A Historical Biographical and Statistical Souvenir. Washington, D.C.: R. Beresford.

London Emancipation Committee. 1859. “Proceedings of an Anti-Slavery Meeting Held at Spafields Chapel, on Friday Evening, 14th October 1859.”

“London, England, Church of England Deaths and Burials, 1813-2003.” 1879. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1936.” 1869. Marriages and Banns. England. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, Church of England Marriages and Banns, 1754-1938.” 1906. Marriages and Banns. Herne Hill Road, Lambeth, England. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965.” 1900. Electoral Registers. Wandsworth, Clapham, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965.” 1901. Electoral Registers. Wandsworth, Clapham, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965.” 1902. Electoral Registers. Wandsworth, Clapham, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965.” 1903. Electoral Registers. Wandsworth, Clapham, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965.” 1904. Electoral Registers. Wandsworth, Clapham, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965.” 1905. Electoral Registers. Wandsworth, Battersea, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965.” 1906. Electoral Registers. Wandsworth, Clapham, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, Electoral Registers, 1832-1965.” 1923. Electoral Registers. Richmond upon Thames, Twickenham, England. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, School Admissions and Discharges, 1840-1911.” 1893. Admission and Discharge Register. St. Aloysius School, Camden, London, England. Ancestry.com.

“London, England, Selected Poor Law Removal and Settlement Records, 1698-1922.” 1884. Board of Guardians Records. England. Ancestry.com.

“‘Manitoba’ Passenger List.” 1873. Passenger List. Port of Baltimore, Maryland. Baltimore Passenger Lists, 1820-1964. Ancestry.com.

“Pallot’s Marriage Index.” 1837. Marriage Index. England. Ancestry.com.

“Register of Birth for Ellen Louisa Craft.” 1884. Register of Birth. Registration District Marylebone, All Saints Sub-district, County of Middlesex, England. Martin Copeland Personal Collection.

“Register of Birth for William Alfred Craft.” 1889. Register of Birth. Martin Copeland Personal Collection.

Sholes & Co. 1881. Savannah City Directory. Savannah, GA: Sholes & Co.

Sholes & Co. 1884. Savannah City Directory. Savannah, GA: Sholes & Co.

Stoddart, Anna M. 1899. Pease Nichol. London: J. M. Dent.

“United Grand Lodge of England Freemason Membership Registers, 1751-1921, Westbourne Lodge, 733, No. 1035.” 1864. Freemason Membership Registers. England. Ancestry.com.

United States Department of the Interior. 1878. Register of the Officers and Agents, Civil Military, and Naval, in the Service of the United States. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

United States Department of the Interior. 1879. Register of the United States… Officers and Employés in the Civil, Military, and Naval Service. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

United States Department of the Treasury. 1879. The United States Treasury Register. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office.

University of Cambridge. 1871. University of Cambridge Local Examinations: Class Lists for the Examinations Held in December 1870. London: Rivingtons, Cambridge Warehouse, Stationers’ Hall Court.

“Westminster, London, England, Church of England Births and Baptisms, 1813-1919.” 1857. Births and Baptisms. England. Ancestry.com.

Secondary Sources

Aboagye, Michelle. 2022. “The History of Brixton.” BLAM UK CIC. 1 September 2022.

Baradaran, Mehrsa. 2017. The Color of Money: Black Banks and the Racial Wealth Gap. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

Bernier, Celeste-Marie, and Hannah-Rose Murray, eds. 2024. Nineteenth-Century African American Narratives in Britain and Ireland. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

Berry, Faith, ed. 2006. From Bondage to Liberation: Writings by and About Afro-Americans From 1700 to 1918. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc.

Blackett, Richard J. M. 1980. “William G. Allen: The Forgotten Professor.” Civil War History 26 (1): 39-52.

Blackett, Richard J. M. 1983. Building an Antislavery Wall: Black Americans in the Atlantic Abolitionist Movement, 1830-1860. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

Blackett, Richard J. M. 1986. Beating Against the Barriers: Biographical Essays in Nineteenth-Century Afro-American History. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press.

Bolt, Christine. 1971. Victorian Attitudes to Race. London and New York: Routledge.

Bressey, Caroline. 2020. “The Next Chapter: The Black Presence in the Nineteenth Century.” In Britain’s Black Past, edited by Gretchen H. Gerzina, 315-330. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.

Brunson, James E. 2019. Black Baseball, 1858-1900: A Comprehensive Record of the Teams, Players, Managers, Owners and Umpires. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.

Chater, Kathleen. 2020. “Genealogy and the Black Past.” In Britain’s Black Past, edited by Gretchen H. Gerzina, 331-42. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.

Dickerson, Vanessa D. 2008. Dark Victorians. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

Du Bois, W. E. B. 1901. “The Freedmen’s Bureau.” The Atlantic (March 1901): 354-365.

Du Bois, W. E. B. 2013. Black Reconstruction in America: Toward a History of the Part Which Black Folk Played in the Attempt to Reconstruct Democracy in America, 1860 – 1880. New Brunswick: Transaction Publishers.

Edwards, Justene Hill. 2024. Savings and Trust: The Rise and Betrayal of the Freedman’s Bank. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

Foreman, P Gabrielle. 1997. “Reading Aright: White Slavery, Black Referents, and the Strategy of Histotextuality in Iola Leroy.” The Yale Journal of Criticism 10 (2): 327 – 354.

Foreman, P. Gabrielle, et al. n.d. “Writing about Slavery/Teaching About Slavery: This Might Help.” Community-sourced document. Accessed 10 November 2023.

Fradin, Judith Bloom, and Denis Brindel Fradin. 2006. 5,000 Miles to Freedom: Ellen and William Craft’s Flight from Slavery. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic.

Fryer, Peter. 1984. Staying Power: The History of Black People in Britain. London: Pluto Press.

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Gerzina, Gretchen H., ed. 2020. Britain’s Black Past. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.

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Green, Jeffrey. 2003. "Reexamining the Early Years of Samuel Colerdige-Taylor, Composer." In Britain’s Black Past, edited by Gretchen H. Gerzina, 39-50. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press.

Green, Jeffrey. 2014a. “Ellen and William Craft. A Fresh Examination.” Jeffrey Green. Historian. 2014.

Green, Jeffrey. 2014b. “The Bohee Brothers in 1887-1891.” Jeffrey Green. Historian. 2014.

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Hartman, Saidiya. 2008. Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.

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Lamson, Peggy. 1973. The Glorious Failure: Black Congressman Robert Brown Elliott and the Reconstruction in South Carolina. New York: W. W. Norton & Company.

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McCaskill, Barbara. 2009. “Ellen Craft (ca. 1826-1891): The Fugitive Who Fled as a Planter.” In Georgia Women: Their Lives and Times, edited by Ann Short Chirhart and Betty Wood, 1:82–105. Athens, GA: The University of Georgia Press.

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Vorachek, Laura. 2013. “Whitewashing Blackface Minstrelsy in Nineteenth-Century England: Female Banjo Players in Punch.” Victorians: A Journal of Culture and Literature 123.

Wilentz, Sean. 2005. The Rise of American Democracy: Jefferson to Lincoln. New York: W. W. Norton & Co.

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Zackodnik, Teresa C. 2004. The Mulatta and the Politics of Race. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.

Family Histories and Miscellaneous

Barnes, Maureen. 2024a. “Email to the Author,” 11 April 2024.

Barnes, Maureen. 2024b. “Email to the Author,” 26 June 2024.

Clark, Chris. 2021. “Email to the Author,” 15 November 2021.

Clark, Chris. 2022a. “Email to the Author,” 20 April 2022.

Clark, Chris. 2022b. “Email to the Author,” 27 June 2022.

Clark, Chris. 2022c. “Email to the Author,” 21 November 2022.

Clark, Chris. 2022d. “Email to the Author,” 5 December 2022.

Clark, Chris. 2023a. “Email to the Author,” 2 February 2023.

Clark, Chris. 2023b. “Email to the Author,” 8 March 2023.

Clark, Chris. 2023c. “Email to the Author,” 20 March 2023.

Clark, Chris. 2023d. “Email to the Author,” 7 December 2023.

Clark, Chris. 2024. “Email to the Author,” 21 March 2024.

Copeland, Eileen, and Martin Copeland. 2022. Interview with the author. Zoom.

Copeland, Martin. 2021. “Email to the Author,” 27 October 2021.

Copeland, Martin. 2022. “Email to the Author,” 20 June 2022.

Copeland, Martin. 2023a. “Email to Julia-Ellen Craft Davis,” 22 March 2023.

Copeland, Martin. 2023b. “Email to the Author,” 3 March 2023.

Copeland, Martin, and Eileen Copeland. 2021. Interview with the author. Zoom.

Davis, Julia-Ellen Craft. 2021. Interview with the author. Phone.

Davis, Julia-Ellen Craft. 2023. “Email to the Author,” 15 February 2023.

Knight, Pamela. 2024a. “Email to the Author,” 23 June 2024.

Knight, Pamela. 2024b. “Email to the Author,” 11 July 2024.

Knight, Pamela. 2024c. “Email to the Author,” 17 July 2024.

Walton, Garry. 2022. “Email to Chris Clark,” 27 June 2022.